![]() Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. Invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454 first book was Gutenberg Bible changed private and public lives of Europeans used for war declarations, battle accounts, treaties, propaganda laid basis for formation of distinct political parties enhanced literacy, people sought books on all subjectsĪ division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 13, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. The system of philosophy dominant in medieval EuropeĮuropean scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. The era was marked by a revival of the art, architecture, thought, and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Large churches originating in twelfth-century France built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. ![]() It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900.Īn economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.Ī medieval organization of crafts workers or trades people. The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages when it killed nearly half the people of western EuropeĪ mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. 1000-1500.Ī system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farm land was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successively planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted. Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. The official literary language of Pakistan, closely related to HindiĬity on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull used by the Arabs.Įast African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.'Ĭity, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 12, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing the inhabitants are called Gujarati. His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. Region of India controlled by Muslims 1206-1520Ī landlocked republic in northwestern Africa He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde.Ī male monarch or emperor (especially of Russia prior to 1917) ![]() Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. ![]()
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